Unit 2: Demography, Population Change and Management

Objectives

•      To know types and number of questions to be asked from this unit.

•      Topics Review and discussion.

•      Some sampled very short questions solved.

•      Some sampled short questions solved.

•      Some sampled long questions solved

Some Terminologies and Organizations Working With Environment

•      WHO = World Health Organizations

•      UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

•      UNO = United Nations Organization

•      GDP = Gross Domestic Product

•      PCI = Per Capita Income

•      HPE = Health, Population and Environment

•      BC = Before Christ

•      AD = Anno Domini

•      UNFPA = United Nations Fund for Population Activities

•      CBS = Central Bureau of Statistics

Questions types to be asked from this unit

·       1 Very Short Question (Application Type)

·       1 Short Question (Application Type)

·       1 Long Question (Understanding Type)

Introduction of Demography

•      Population is the total number of people residing within a certain geographical area and within a certain time period.

•      Demography consists two Greek words: ‘Demos means people’ and ‘Graphia means to study’.

•      Demography word was first time used by Achille Guillard in 1855AD his book ‘The Comparative Demography’.  

•      The Scientific and well managed study of human population is known as Demography.

•      The study of demography was initiated by John Graunt in 1662 in his book ‘The Natural Political Observation Made upon the Bills of Mortality’.

•      So, John Graunt is also known as ‘Father of Demography’.

•      Population is a dynamic process.

•      It continuously changes due to its components: birth, death and migration.

•      Birth and death are natural and migration is artificial.

•      The components, Process and Measures are given below:

Components	Process	Measures
Birth	Fertility	Fertility Rate
Death	Mortality	Mortality Rate
Migration	Migration	Migration Rate

Demographic Components

•      The components which cause the changes in the population of the certain places are known as demographic components. These are birth, death and migration.

•      These are also called as population determinants.

•      Birth and inward migration causes increase in the population and death and outward migration causes decrease in the population.

•      Demographic components refer to the quantitative (numerical) analysis.

Demographic Processes

•      Fertility, Mortality and Migration refer to the demographic process.

•      These represent how demographic events take place.

•      Process of birth are discussed in fertility.

•      Process of death are discussed in mortality.

•      Process of migration are discussed in migration.

Demographic Measurements

•      Different types of demographic indicators are needed to different demographic analysis.

•      Demographic components give quantitative statistical information of demographic factors.

•       So, Mathematical study of demographic factors resulting in certain rate and ratio is called demographic measurements

•      Fertility Rate, Mortality Rate and Migration Rate are major demographic measurements.

Sampled Very Short Questions

•      When was Demography study started? (in 1662 AD by John Graunt.)

•      What is meant by demography?

•      When did the population of world reach7 billion? (on October 31^st, 2011)

•      What was the total population of Nepal according to the first census? (56,38,749; in 1911AD)

•      When was the first census taken in Nepal? (1911 AD., 1968 BS.)

•      How  many census have been conducted in Nepal till now? (11)

•      Write any one census year when the population growth rate was negative? ( in 1920AD it was -0.13),(in 1930AD it was -0.07)

•      Define census.

•      What is the meaning of Demos and Graphian?

Measures of Fertility

•      Fertility is the capacity of women of age group 15-49 years to give birth to a baby.

•      Fertility does not indicate the fecundity.

•      Reproductive capacity of any organisms is fecundity.

•      Reproductive capacity of a woman starts with menarche and stops with menopause.

•      If a woman is unable to give birth a baby, then she is called in-fecund or sterile woman.

Differentiate between Fertility and Fecundity. (Short Question)

S.N.	Fertility	Fecundity
1.	It is directly related to giving birth to a baby.	It is physical ability to give a birth to a baby.
2.	It belongs to only females.	It belongs both males and females.
3.	It starts only with conception.	It starts along with puberty.
4.	It has direct role on population growth.	Ii is directly related to the population growth.

Mid Year Population

•      Mid year population is an average of the population of on the first day and the last day of a year of some certain place.

•      It is required for demographic measurements.

•      Mathematically, Mid Year Population = (P_{Jan 1} + P_{Dec 31})/2

•      Where, P_{Jan 1} = Population on 1st January and P_{Dec 31} = population on 31st December.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

•      CBR is the total number of live births in every thousand population in the certain place within a specific year.

•      It can not be used for comparative study of fertility.

•      Formula; CBR = (B/P)X1000

•      Where, B = total no. of live births in a year in a certain place and

•      P = Mid year population of the same year in that area.

•      According to the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2068 BS, the CBR of Nepal is 24.3 per thousand.

General Fertility Rate (GFR)

•      GFR is  the total number of live births occurring in per thousand female population with fecundity in a place within a year.

•      It is more reliable than CBR.

•      According to survey of 2068 B.S., GFR of Nepal is 96 per thousand.

•      Formula; GFR = (B/P_f(15-49 )X1000

•      Where, B = total live births in a year and

•      P_f(15-49 = mid year female population of the fertile age group.

Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

•      Age specific fertility rate is the  total number of live births occurring in per thousand population of females of a certain age of age group having fecundity at a place in a year.

•      It is more acceptable that CBR and GFR.

•      In the context of Nepal, women of age group 20-30 are found to have the most age specific fertility rate.

•      Formula; ASFR = ( B_i/P_i)X1000

•      Where, B_i = Total live births from a certain age group of women in a year

•      P_i  = Mid Year population of the same age group of women in the same year.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

•      TFR is the average number of live births that a woman of a particular place gives in her reproductive age.

•      It is more reliable than other measures of fertility.

•      If the TFR of a nation is less than 2.1 per woman, the population remains constant.

•      If it is greater than 3, the population is said to have increased.

•      According to  Nepal Demography and Health Survey 2011, the TFR of Nepal is 2.6 per woman.

•      It was 1.6 per woman  in urban areas.

•      It was 2.8 per woman in rural areas.

•      Formula; TFR = (ƩASFR/1000)X Age interval

•      Where, ƩASFR = sum of the age specific fertility rates

•      Age interval = the duration of 5 years.

Sampled Very Short Questions

•      What would be the Crude Birth Rate of a place if the mid-year population is 2,50,000 and total live births are 3,000? (Ans:12 per thousands)

•      Define CBR and write its formula.

•      Define GFR and how is it calculated?

•      Define ASFR and write its formula.

•      Define TFR and write its formula.

•      What are the data required to calculate TFR?

•      What are the data required to calculate GFR?

Sampled Short Questions

•      What is demography? Write down the components and process of demography.

•      Describe the demographic components with example.

•      What is demographic process? Write in brief.

•      Explain the demographic elements briefly after the prepared demographic table.

•      Suppose in a certain place, total population was 9,600 in 2074 B.S. In the same year, the number of live birth and death were 650 and 455 respectively. Calculate the crude birth rate. (67.70 per thousand)

•      Define Crude Birth Rate. Calculate the crude birth rate of certain place of 2072 B.S. if it had 5,680 as mid year population and 196 as live births of infants. (34.50 per thousand)

•      The population of first Baisakh and last Chaitra 2071 in a village was 6,00,908 and 5,99,207. If the number of births was 1,87,500 ; what was the crude birth rate of the village? (312.47 per thousand)

•      In 2072 B.S. in a place there was the population of 4,000 of women of the age group 15-49 and in the same year the number of live birth was 110. Calculate General Fertility rate of the place. (20 per thousand)

•      The women of one of the places of age group 30-35 years gave birth to 5600 live births in 2067 B.S. If the number of such women was 1,20,000; find the age specific fertility rate  of the place.(46.33per thousand)

•      Thank you and to be continued in part 2…

Unit 1: Concept of Health, Population and Environment Education

Objectives This Session

•      To know types and number of questions to be asked from this unit.

•      Sample of long questions.

•      Sample of short questions.

•      Sample of very short questions.

•      Some very short questions solved.

•      Some short questions solved.

•      Some long questions solved (unit review).

Things to Remember

•      This discussion is for reference and review to generate solid idea but not the substitute of text book.

•      During solving questions, always keep in mind of “marks and time”.

•      While solving questions always know “what to write and how much to write”.

•      Always write your answers within the criteria and to the point and within the time frame.

•      Make strategy for it.

•      Practice a lot and check so many times so that you can complete within the time or not.

•      Make a reference book (notes) in your own language so that it would be helpful to you for examination to get solved all questions within the time frame covering all maximum points.

•      Be careful, some ‘a very few questions but not all’ will be asked out of box. So, be prepared.

•      Never hurry up, keep patience, don’t get panic.

Some Terminologies and Organizations Working With Environment

•      Mountain = Refers to Himalayan Region

•      NTNC = National Trust for Nature Conservation

•      WCU = World Conservation Union

•      IUCN = International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

•      WWF = World Wildlife Fund

•      UNEP = United Nations Environment Program

•      ICIMOD = International Center for Integrated Mountain Development

•      IPCC = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

•      WCN = Wildlife Conservation Network

•      CEN = Conservative Environment Network

•      SEN = The Small Earth Nepal

Questions types to be asked from this unit

·        1 very short question (knowledge type)

•      1 Short Question (Knowledge type)

•      1 Long Question ( Understanding Type)

Long Questions: Solved (Unit review and Question Suggestion)

Question 1: Describe various aspects of Health, Population and Environment education.

Different Aspects of Health, Population and Environment

•      Health, Population and Environment is a multidimensional subject.

•      It includes all the matters which are directly related to the human life and human health.

•      All these matters are known as different aspects of health, population and environment.

•      These aspects are explained below with the help of following chart:

Physical Aspect

•      This includes abiotic factors of environment like water, land, air, hill, mountains, desert, sunlight  etc.

•      Similarly it includes man made construction and infrastructures like road, bridges, industries etc.

Biological Aspect

•      It includes biotic factors of environment.

•      Plants, animals, micro organisms are included in this aspect.

•      Different bio diversity according to different types of environment, habitat and geography are included in this aspect.

•      For example, land is more fertile in terai region, medicinal herbs are found in Himalayan region etc.

Socio-Cultural Aspect

•      Every group of human being develops some rituals, ethics, culture in a society which is suitable to them.

•      These rituals are knows as socio cultural aspects.

•      Culture of birth, marriage and death; celebration of festivals etc. are included in this socio cultural aspect.

Economic Aspect

•      Every human being needs money to sustain their life.

•      For this he/she does some earning activities like business, job, agriculture etc.

•      These come under the economic aspect.

Science and Technological Aspect

•      This includes different types of development of technology.

•      Development of Information and technology, bullet train, airplanes, rockets, TV etc.

•      Similarly it also includes development of medicines and medical services.

Political Aspect

•      A well defined system is needed to maintain peace, harmony, development, education, employment, allocation of budget, planning of development etc. in a nation.

•      This well defined system is handled under constitution.

•      The maintenance of all these system comes under political aspects.

Psychological Aspect

•      This includes the development of concepts and attitudes according to his emotions and thinking.

•      Some are optimistic and some are pessimistic, some have patience and some are violent etc.

•      These are included under psychological aspects.

Question 2: Health, Population and Environment Education is inter related to Various Aspects, How? Prove with example.

Inter relationship of various Aspects of Environment, Population and Health

•      Health, Population and Environment are closely inter related.

•      Influence on any one causes ultimate effect on other two subjects

•      For example, if human activities degrade the environment, different diseases will occur which causes adverse effects on health.

•      Death of people will occur due to diseases causing disturbance in productive and quality of life.

•      Similarly, positive impact on any one ultimately will cause positive influence on rest of them.

•      For example, if human beings use resources wisely and do conservation, there will be positive and improving effect on human health.

•      This will lead to productive population with quality life.

•      Environment, population and health education are inter related to each other on following aspects of human beings:

Relation of Physical aspects to other aspects:

•      Physical aspects consists both natural and artificial components. Human made constructions like road, bridges, industries etc. are artificial where as water, air, mountains etc. are natural aspects.

•      If quality of these are low and degrading the environment, then, human health is adversely affected whereas if infrastructures are of good quality, sufficient and environment friendly, then the health of people will be good.

•      Opportunity of employment will be high, population density will increase.

Relation of Biological aspects to other aspects:

•      Different aspects of health and population are inter related to the biological aspects of environment.

•      All nutrition, food, vegetables etc are achieved to people from plants.

•      Where land is fertile, agro products are sufficiently found. There population density is also more. Animal husbandry also grows there. The health of people becomes good due to fresh foods

Relation of Socio Cultural aspects to other aspects:

•      Human are social being. They have developed the way of living and practice some fundamental social life, which are accepted as culture. Standard of culture represents desirable social life. Some are related to religion. These socio cultural aspect affect all aspects of EPH.

•      For example, in Hindu religion, worshipping of peepal, tulsi plants indicates the conservation of plants and organisms, which is related to the conservation of environment.

Relation of Economic aspects to other aspects:

•      Economic aspects of  EPH is interrelated to the different aspects.

•      When population grows rapidly, unemployment increases. Unemployment causes reduced economy, lack of nutrition, treatment causing reduced health.

•      Similarly, unemployment causes poverty and people start encroachment of forest and land to fulfill their needs.

•      These degrades environmental quality, reduced health and increased mortality rate.

Relation of Science and technological aspects to other aspects:

•      It has become possible to use internet, email, easy access to information system, utilization of modern and luxurious goods. It is a positive side.

•      But there are so many negative sides too. There are so many impact causing environmental degradation and social crime, insecurity.

•      Weapons, atomic bombs, rocket tests etc. have adverse effects on environment.

Relation of Psychological aspects to other aspects:

•      It is related to thinking, attitude, emotions of people.

•      This psychological aspect is related to the different aspects of environment, health and population.

•      The positive attitude of people to the environment supports conservation of environment, utilization of resources wisely, protection of flora and fauna.

•      This leads to the good health and productive citizens.

Relation of Political aspects to other aspects:

•      The candidates elected from election prepare a system required for a nation. If system is environment friendly, there is conservation of environment, then it will support health of people.

•      Similarly, good policy and system will help to support health system of a nation and to produce productive citizens.

•      This will support in the development of nation.

Sampled Short Questions

1.     Show the relationship between health, population and environment. (Refer First Paragraph of Long question no. 2)

2.     Describe the physical and biological aspects of health, population and environment education.

3.     Distinguish between physical and biological aspects. (solved)

Physical Aspects: Physical aspects are a-biotic components of environment. These are utilized by population to fulfill their various needs. These are artificial and natural. Artificial physical aspects are man made such as road, buildings, industries etc. and natural aspects are soil, water, air etc.

Biological Aspects: These are connected with the living or biotic components. All plants and animal fall under this aspects. Fertility, fecundity and mortality are major elements which change the population.

S.N.	Physical Aspects	Biological Aspects
1	Abiotic  components.	Biotic Components
2	Natural and Artificial	Natural Only
3	Air, water, road, industries etc.	Plants and animals only.

4.     Enlist the different aspects of health, population and environment and explain scientific and technological aspect.

5.     What types of roles does social and cultural aspect play to preserve social value and norms? (Solved)

Roles of Socio Cultural Aspect to Preserve Social Norms

The rituals, culture, behaviors etc. fall under social and cultural aspect.

These social and cultural aspects play a vital role to preserve social value and norms.

Human are social being. They have developed the way of living and practice some fundamental social life, which are accepted as culture. Standard of culture represents desirable social life. These cultures are linked to religion also, so people follow some social norms. Similarly, violation of norms is not accepted, violators suffer loss of prestige and subjected to the fine, ridicules, imprisonment.

If a person wants to be a social and prestigious person, he has to follow social norms, rituals and respect the cultures.

That’s why people follow rituals, cultures.

In this way social and cultural aspect play to preserve social value and norms.

6.     How is health, population and environment is related to the political aspects?

Very Short Questions: Sampled

1.     Write the meaning of entrepreneurship.

2.     Under which aspect of health, population and environment education do tradition, rituals and festivals come?

3.     Write any one psychological aspect of health, population and environment education.

4.     What is health? (solved)

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), health is defined as “a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

5.     What is health education?(solved)

Health education is an educational process which builds students’ knowledge, skill and positive attitude about health by motivating to maintain their physical, mental and social health.

6.     What is population?(solved)

Population is defined as the total number of people living in a certain place at a certain time.

7.     What is population education?(solved)

Population education is an educational process which brings about positive changes among the students by developing their knowledge, skills, understanding and attitudes towards consequences and by realizing their responsibilities to maintain the quality of life.

8.     What is environment?(solved)

Our surroundings which consists great number of factor : biotic, abiotic, socio-cultural and artificial, is defined as environment.

9.     What is environment education?(solved)

According to the seminar of UNESCO in 1974 A.D., environment education is defined as “the means that helps to set the goals of environmental protection.”

10.  What is the long term goal of population education?(solved)

The long term goal of population education is to create a happy family life.

11.   What is the long term goal of health education?(solved)

The long term goal of health education is to make people physically, mentally and socially fit.(solved)

12.  What is the long term goal of environmental education?

The long term goal of environmental education is to make people aware of “what to do and what not” in the context of environment.

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