Unit
2: Demography, Population Change and Management
Objectives
•
To know types and number of questions to
be asked from this unit.
•
Topics Review and discussion.
•
Some sampled very short questions
solved.
•
Some sampled short questions solved.
•
Some sampled long questions solved
Some Terminologies and Organizations
Working With Environment
•
WHO = World Health Organizations
•
UNESCO = United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
•
UNO = United Nations Organization
•
GDP = Gross Domestic Product
•
PCI = Per Capita Income
•
HPE = Health, Population and Environment
•
BC = Before Christ
•
AD = Anno Domini
•
UNFPA = United Nations Fund for
Population Activities
•
CBS = Central Bureau of Statistics
Questions
types to be asked from this unit
· 1
Very Short Question (Application Type)
· 1
Short Question (Application Type)
· 1
Long Question (Understanding Type)
Introduction
of Demography
•
Population is the total number of people
residing within a certain geographical area and within a certain time period.
•
Demography consists two Greek words:
‘Demos means people’ and ‘Graphia means to study’.
•
Demography word was first time used by
Achille Guillard in 1855AD his book ‘The Comparative Demography’.
•
The Scientific and well managed study of
human population is known as Demography.
•
The study of demography was initiated by
John Graunt in 1662 in his book ‘The Natural Political Observation Made upon
the Bills of Mortality’.
•
So, John Graunt is also known as ‘Father
of Demography’.
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Population is a dynamic process.
•
It continuously changes due to its
components: birth, death and migration.
•
Birth and death are natural and
migration is artificial.
•
The components, Process and Measures are
given below:
Components
|
Process
|
Measures
|
Birth
|
Fertility
|
Fertility Rate
|
Death
|
Mortality
|
Mortality Rate
|
Migration
|
Migration
|
Migration Rate
|
Demographic
Components
•
The components which cause the changes
in the population of the certain places are known as demographic components.
These are birth, death and migration.
•
These
are also called as population determinants.
•
Birth and inward migration causes
increase in the population and death and outward migration causes decrease in
the population.
•
Demographic components refer to the
quantitative (numerical) analysis.
Demographic
Processes
•
Fertility, Mortality and Migration refer
to the demographic process.
•
These represent how demographic events
take place.
•
Process of birth are discussed in
fertility.
•
Process of death are discussed in
mortality.
•
Process of migration are discussed in
migration.
Demographic
Measurements
•
Different types of demographic
indicators are needed to different demographic analysis.
•
Demographic components give quantitative
statistical information of demographic factors.
•
So, Mathematical study of demographic factors
resulting in certain rate and ratio is called demographic measurements
•
Fertility Rate, Mortality Rate and
Migration Rate are major demographic measurements.
Sampled
Very Short Questions
•
When was Demography study started?
(in 1662 AD by John Graunt.)
•
What is meant by demography?
•
When did the population of world
reach7 billion? (on October 31st, 2011)
•
What was the total population of
Nepal according to the first census? (56,38,749; in 1911AD)
•
When was the first census taken in
Nepal? (1911 AD., 1968 BS.)
•
How
many census have been conducted in Nepal till now? (11)
•
Write any one census year when the
population growth rate was negative? ( in 1920AD it was -0.13),(in 1930AD it
was -0.07)
•
Define census.
•
What is the meaning of Demos and
Graphian?
Measures
of Fertility
•
Fertility is the capacity of women of
age group 15-49 years to give birth to a baby.
•
Fertility does not indicate the
fecundity.
•
Reproductive capacity of any organisms
is fecundity.
•
Reproductive capacity of a woman starts
with menarche and stops with menopause.
•
If a woman is unable to give birth a baby,
then she is called in-fecund or sterile woman.
Differentiate
between Fertility and Fecundity. (Short Question)
S.N.
|
Fertility
|
Fecundity
|
1.
|
It is directly related to giving birth to a baby.
|
It is physical ability to give a birth to a baby.
|
2.
|
It belongs to only females.
|
It belongs both males and females.
|
3.
|
It starts only with conception.
|
It starts along with puberty.
|
4.
|
It has direct role on population growth.
|
Ii is directly related to the population growth.
|
Mid
Year Population
•
Mid year population is an average of the
population of on the first day and the last day of a year of some certain
place.
•
It is required for demographic
measurements.
•
Mathematically, Mid Year Population = (PJan
1 + PDec 31)/2
•
Where, PJan 1 = Population on
1st January and PDec 31 = population on 31st December.
Crude
Birth Rate (CBR)
•
CBR is the total number of live births
in every thousand population in the certain place within a specific year.
•
It can not be used for comparative study
of fertility.
•
Formula; CBR = (B/P)X1000
•
Where, B = total no. of live births in a
year in a certain place and
•
P = Mid year population of the same year
in that area.
•
According to the Nepal Demographic and
Health Survey 2068 BS, the CBR of Nepal is 24.3 per thousand.
General
Fertility Rate (GFR)
•
GFR is
the total number of live births occurring in per thousand female
population with fecundity in a place within a year.
•
It is more reliable than CBR.
•
According to survey of 2068 B.S., GFR
of Nepal is 96 per thousand.
•
Formula; GFR = (B/Pf(15-49
)X1000
•
Where, B = total live births in a year
and
•
Pf(15-49 = mid year female
population of the fertile age group.
Age
Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
•
Age specific fertility rate is the total number of live births occurring in per
thousand population of females of a certain age of age group having fecundity
at a place in a year.
•
It is more acceptable that CBR and GFR.
•
In the context of Nepal, women of age
group 20-30 are found to have the most age specific fertility rate.
•
Formula; ASFR = ( Bi/Pi)X1000
•
Where, Bi = Total live births
from a certain age group of women in a year
•
Pi = Mid Year population of the same age group of
women in the same year.
Total
Fertility Rate (TFR)
•
TFR is the average number of live births
that a woman of a particular place gives in her reproductive age.
•
It is more reliable than other measures
of fertility.
•
If the TFR of a nation is less than 2.1
per woman, the population remains constant.
•
If it is greater than 3, the population
is said to have increased.
•
According to Nepal Demography and Health Survey 2011, the
TFR of Nepal is 2.6 per woman.
•
It was 1.6 per woman in urban areas.
•
It was 2.8 per woman in rural areas.
•
Formula; TFR = (ƩASFR/1000)X Age
interval
•
Where, ƩASFR = sum of the age specific
fertility rates
•
Age interval = the duration of 5 years.
Sampled
Very Short Questions
•
What would be the Crude Birth Rate
of a place if the mid-year population is 2,50,000 and total live births are
3,000? (Ans:12 per thousands)
•
Define CBR and write its formula.
•
Define GFR and how is it
calculated?
•
Define ASFR and write its formula.
•
Define TFR and write its formula.
•
What are the data required to
calculate TFR?
•
What are the data required to
calculate GFR?
Sampled
Short Questions
•
What is demography? Write down the
components and process of demography.
•
Describe the demographic components
with example.
•
What is demographic process? Write
in brief.
•
Explain the demographic elements
briefly after the prepared demographic table.
•
Suppose in a certain place, total
population was 9,600 in 2074 B.S. In the same year, the number of live birth
and death were 650 and 455 respectively. Calculate the crude birth rate. (67.70 per thousand)
•
Define Crude Birth Rate. Calculate
the crude birth rate of certain place of 2072 B.S. if it had 5,680 as mid year
population and 196 as live births of infants. (34.50 per thousand)
•
The population of first Baisakh and
last Chaitra 2071 in a village was 6,00,908 and 5,99,207. If the number of
births was 1,87,500 ; what was the crude birth rate of the village? (312.47 per thousand)
•
In 2072 B.S. in a place there was
the population of 4,000 of women of the age group 15-49 and in the same year
the number of live birth was 110. Calculate General Fertility rate of the
place. (20 per thousand)
•
The women of one of the places of
age group 30-35 years gave birth to 5600 live births in 2067 B.S. If the number
of such women was 1,20,000; find the age specific fertility rate of the place.(46.33per thousand)
•
Thank you and to be continued in
part 2…
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